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SIA E-learning Phase 1 Separation Of Mixtures

Magnetic attraction

Separating mixtures containing magnetic materials . Some examples are iron,cobalt and nickel from non--magnetic ones in a mixture .

Procedure involved
Step 1.Place a magnet near the mixture of magnetic and non-magnetic materials.
Step 2.The magnet will attract the magnetic materials from the mixture.

An example of  what it is used for :
Electromagnets are used to remove steel and iron scrap at the junk-yard.

 Filtration

Separating mixture of un-dissolved solids from a liquid. An example of filtration is sand from a mixture of sand and water.

Procedure involved
Step 1.Pour the mixture into a funnel fitted with a piece of filter paper. 
Step 2.Tiny holes in the filter paper allow liquid to flow through it, while the solid particles are too large to do so.
Step 3.Therefore the solid particles will remain on the paper 
Step 4.The solid particles remain on the paper called residue.
Step 5The liquid which pass through called filtrate.

Examples of how it is used for :
Tap water has also been filtered through filter beds to remove solid impurities. Hair in our nostrils trap the dust particles that we breathe in and allow only clean air to pass through.

Evaporation

Separating mixture of dissolved solids from a liquid. Example : common salt from a salt solution.


Procedure involved
Step 1. Pour the solution into an evaporating dish.
Step 2. Heat the solution to dryness to evaporate away the solvent, leaving behind the solute.
Step 3. Make the Bunsen flame smaller when almost all the solvent has been evaporated away to reduce spitting.

How it is used : Industrial applications include recovering salts from solutions and drying a variety of materials such as lumber, paper, cloth and chemicals.

Crystallization

Process to obtain a solid that decomposes on heating from its solution. Examples: sugar crystals from sugar solution.


Procedure involved
Step 1.Pour the solution into an evaporating dish.
Step 2. Heat the solution to evaporate away the solvent until some solid starts to appear or a saturated solution is obtained.
Step 3. Leave the solution to cool.
Step 4.On cooling crystals of the solute that can no longer disssolve in the solution will be deposited as crystals.
Step 5. Filter the mixture to collect the crystals which is the residue.

Uses :Common sugar obtain from sugar solution for daily use. Making hard tack candy.

Paper chromatography

Used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture. Example : To separate the different coloured components that make up black ink.

Procedure involved
Step 1.Apply a small but concentrated spot of the solution on a piece of chromatography paper.
Step 2. Suspend the chromatography paper in a beaker or boiling tube of solvent with the spot above the solvent.
Step 3.Separation takes place because some components of the liquid mixture travel at a faster pace than other components on the paper or any other absorbent material.
Step 4.As the solvent travels up the paper, the mixture is separated into its respective components.

Uses : Analyzing ink dyes for forgery cases.  Detecting trace levels of drugs in urine samples.

Reverse osmosis

Process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure.
Procedure involved
Step 1. Water moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to higher concentration.
Step 2. Pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution.
Step 3. It force the water molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side.


Uses :Drinking water purification systems used for improving water for drinking and cooking.

Distillation

Separating mixtures based on differences in volatility of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Example : Pure water can be distilled from softdrinks. 


Procedure involved
Step 1. Mixture is heated until the most volatile component begins to boil into a vapor.
Step 2 These vapors are allowed to move down a tube where they are condensed back into liquid at a different location. 
Step 3. In this way, liquids of different boiling points can be separated, or a liquid can be separated from solid impurities.


Use : 
Distillation of herbs for perfumery and medicinals.

Fractional distillation

Process can be used to separate miscible liquids with different boiling points. Liquid with lower boiling point will vaporise first.
Procedure involvedStep 1. Heat mixture containing 2 or more substances.Step 2. Mixure will begin to boil, vaporizing some substances.Step 3. Vapor goes through the fractional distillation column.Step 4. Vapor rises to the top and begins to cool down on its way into the second column. Condensers in commercial processes are the mechanics that cool down the vapor.Step 5. Condensation phase takes place as the vapor is cooled to liquid and finally the substance is transferred into a container on the other end of the second distillation column.


Use :Industries supplying oxygen to hospitals,shipyards.

3D Model

This is my 3D Model. I made a new one because my old one is not perfect. Did this with Arina .